The Baltimore Police Department (BPD) provides police services to the City of Baltimore, Maryland. It was originally organized in 1784, after the United States gained independence, as a "nightwatch" and a force of day "Constables". It was officially established by the Maryland Legislature on March 16, 1853, and reorganized in 1857 by Mayor Thomas Swann of Baltimore. It is the eighth-largest police force in the US and is organized into ten districts: nine based on geographical areas and the Public Housing Section. It polices 80.9 square miles (210 km2) of land and 11.1 square miles (29 km2) of waterways. The department is sometimes referred to as the Baltimore City Police Department to distinguish it from the Baltimore County Police Department.
In April 2017, U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar "approved the proposed consent decree between Baltimore and the U.S. Department of Justice, mandating sweeping police reforms at a time of intense violence and deep community distrust in the city police." He denied a Department of Justice request to postpone signing the decree for 30 days in order to allow review by President Donald Trump's administration.
Video Baltimore Police Department
History
The first attempt to establish a police department in Baltimore occurred in 1784, nearly 60 years after the colonial founding of the town. The city in the newly independent United States authorized a guard force of constables to enforce town laws and arrest those in violation. Night Watchman George Workner was the first law enforcement officer to be killed in the city; he was stabbed during an escape attempt by nine inmates at the Baltimore City Jail on March 14, 1808; his death predated the formal founding of the department.
In 1845, the Baltimore Police Department was established by the state legislature "to provide for a better security for life and property in the City of Baltimore". The state did not give power to the city to run its own affairs. The early decades of the Department were marked by conflict over split loyalties. In 1857 the police were reorganized by Mayor Thomas Swann and new men were recruited; many came from Know Nothing gangs in the city and maintained loyalties to former leaders. The first BPD officer to die in the line of duty was Sergeant William Jourdan, who was shot and killed by an unknown gunman during the first city council elections on October 14, 1857.
In 1861, during the U.S. Civil War, the police department was taken over by the federal government after police had become involved in the Baltimore riot of 1861. They helped push the Union and Confederate rioters into a full-out armed confrontation. The U.S. Military ran the police department until 1862, when they turned authority back to the state legislature.
Although Baltimore had a large free black population established before the American Civil War, it was a southern city that maintained de facto racial segregation. The police department was dominated by ethnic whites, many of whom were descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants, well into the mid-20th century. During the Civil Rights era of the late 1950s and 1960s, blacks argued to gain more positions in the police department in order to have a force that better reflected the demographics of the city, where they were a large minority.
Post-World War II suburbanization, encouraged by federal subsidies for highways, drew more established white residents out of the city. In the latter part of the 20th century, restructuring of industry and railroads resulted in a massive loss of industrial jobs in Baltimore. These changes produced problems of depopulation, unemployment and poverty.
In July 1974, officers joined other striking municipal workers for five days during the Baltimore police strike.
As of a 2000 survey published by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2003, BPD is the 8th-largest municipal police department in the United States, with a total of 3,034 police officers. As of the 2000 U.S. census, Baltimore ranked as the 17th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 651,154.
As of 2015, there have been 136 police officers killed in the line of duty in Baltimore, the largest total of any city in Maryland. The next largest total belongs to the Maryland State Police, with 40 troopers killed in the line of duty as of 2005.
Technological progress
BPD has evolved its crime fighting technology and techniques over the years, beginning with the introduction of call boxes in 1885. Other major technological upgrades include the introduction of the Bertillion system in 1896, police radio communications in 1933, a police laboratory in 1950, computerized booking procedures and 911 emergency systems in 1985, the first ever 311 non-emergency system and CCTV cameras (like those in the United Kingdom) in 1996, and the CitiStat system in 2000. The latter enables the police to concentrate its resources on areas with particular types or high rates of crime.
Mergers
In the early 1960s, the Baltimore Police Department absorbed the City Park Police. In 2005, the Housing Authority of Baltimore City Police were disbanded and operations taken over by the Baltimore Police Department. Housing Authority officers, if they desired to continue, had to apply for jobs with the city police. In this change, they lost the time and seniority they had accumulated from their previous employment with the Housing Authority of Baltimore City.
In the 2010s there has been discussion of merging the Baltimore Schools Police into the department as well. It has not been decided if those officers would have to reapply for positions within the Baltimore Police Department nor what, if any, job benefits such as seniority and pension, they might be able to bring with them into the new position.
Maps Baltimore Police Department
Staffing
The Baltimore Police Department is staffed by more than 3200 civilian and sworn personnel. These include dispatchers, crime lab technicians, chaplains, and unarmed auxiliary police officers. Officers are assigned to one of nine districts in the city or a specialized unit. Officers in patrol units work 4 ten-hour shifts a week.
African Americans in the department
The police department was long dominated by Irish Americans, the earliest immigrant ethnic group to get a toehold in the city in the 19th century. African Americans were not hired as police officers until 1937, when Violet Hill Whyte became the BPD's first African American officer. The first African-American male officers: Walter T. Eubanks Jr., Harry S. Scott, Milton Gardner, and J. Hiram Butler Jr. were hired in 1938. They were all assigned to plainclothes duty to work undercover. In 1943, African-American officers were allowed to wear police uniforms, and by 1950, there were 50 African- American officers in the department.
In 1962 Patrolman Henry Smith Jr. was the first African-American officer to die in the line of duty, when he was shot to death breaking up a dice game on North Milton Avenue in east Baltimore. The department was not fully integrated until 1966, after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and efforts by local black activists to increase the number of blacks in the department. Local Republican politician Marse Callaway played a significant role in increasing the number of African-American officers in the police department.
Prior to 1966, African-American officers were limited to foot patrols, as they were barred from the use of squad cars. These officers hit a ceiling in gaining promotions and were barred from patrolling in White neighborhoods. They were generally given specialty assignments in positions in the Narcotics Division or as undercover plainclothes officers. African-American officers were subjected to racial harassment from both ethnic white coworkers and African-American residents in the communities they patrolled. During this period, African-American officers were subject to racial slurs from white co-workers during roll call, and encountered degrading racial graffiti in the districts/units where they were assigned. During this time period, Bishop L. Robinson and Edward J. Tilghman were two of the African Americans serving as Baltimore police officers; each of them later was selected and served as police commissioner of Baltimore.
During the Civil Rights Movement, trust between the department and the predominantly African-American city residents became increasingly strained, as blacks pressed for social justice and fair treatment. In the 1960s, racial riots erupted in other cities due to police brutality. Mistreatment of black residents at the hands of several White officers resulted in more violence in Baltimore. The police force was being studied by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) as the department was considered severely troubled. The IACP report said that the BPD was the most corrupt and antiquated in the nation, and that it had developed almost no positive relationship with the city's African-American community. African-American citizens were subject to both excessive force from police officers, and retaliation from community members for any interaction with city police officers.
The report recommended numerous changes, which started after the hiring of new police commissioner Donald Pomerleau. He was a veteran Marine who participated in writing the IACP report; he was committed to changing the department and improving relations with the city's African-American community.
Pomerlau led reforms that included ending the segregationist practices within the department. In 1968, racial rioting in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. broke out across the city's black neighborhoods. As few African-American officers held rank within the department, the white-dominated department seemed to confront the African-American community.
In 1971, African-American officers founded the Vanguard Justice Society, to represent their rights and interests. Throughout the 1970s, more African Americans advanced in the department; Black officers were promoted to positions of district commanders and chief of patrol.
In 1984, Mayor Donald Schaefer appointed to veteran police officer Bishop L. Robinson as Baltimore's first black police commissioner. The department had previously long been dominated by ethnic Irish American and briefly by Italian Americans. Robinson had been the force's first Black officer to command the Eastern District and the Patrol Division. The department redefined several of its policies in effort to avoid the mistakes other departments made in the Watts riots of Los Angeles]] and Liberty City Riots in Miami.
As of 2014, the department is administered by Commissioner Kevin Davis and Deputy Commissioner of Patrol Dean Palmere
During Martin O'Malley's administration as mayor, the department was made up of 43% African American officers. While progress has been made to improve the department's relationship with Baltimore's majority African-American community, more work remains to be done.
Police community relations were severely strained in Baltimore, as well as other cities, during the "war on drugs", adding to the stresses of several African-American neighborhoods in East and West Baltimore that were hollowed out by drug use. African-American police officers were intensely disliked, as were white ones.
Following the death of Freddie Gray in police custody in 2015, there was rioting in black neighborhoods. The city invited the Department of Justice to conduct an investigation of the police department and its relations with the community. It found evidence of widespread unconstitutional and discriminatory police practices in the city, especially in poor, black neighborhoods.
Following reporting from the investigation, the city, police department and the Civil Rights Division of DOJ negotiated a consent decree,
"including limits on when and how the [police] can engage individuals suspected of criminal activity. It orders more training for police on de-escalation tactics and interactions with youths, those with mental illness and protesters, as well as more supervision for officers."
US District Judge James K. Bredar approved the decree in early April 2017, with commitment from Mayor Catherine Pugh and Police Commissioner Kevin Davis to make the changes proposed. Pugh already had included $10 million in the city budget for this purpose. The city will also be required to invest in better technology and equipment, and "for the Police Department to enhance civilian oversight and transparency."
Rank structure and insignia
The Baltimore Police Department uses these sworn personnel ranks:
The BPD offers promotional opportunities to members with at least three years of service. Promotion offers officers advancement into a supervisory position. Opportunities for advanced training are provided to members to enhance their growth after graduation from the police academy. Specialized training in firearms, defense tactics, and job-related topics such as basic criminal investigation are offered. Hash marks for service are being implemented to be worn on the left sleeve of the uniform as of 2015. One hash mark represents five years of service with the department. In July 2016, in an effort to streamline operations and give all divisions within the department an equal degree of priority, the sworn positions of Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel were eliminated, with all personnel holding the former ranks being appointed to the rank of Chief, a title formerly used only by certain civilian employees within the department.
Organization
The Commissioner is head of the department. Under the commissioner are three Deputy Commissioners, heading the Neighborhood Patrol, Investigation and Intelligence, and Professional Standards and Accountability Bureaus. In addition a civilian Chief Financial Officer oversees the Management Services Division.
Office of the Police Commissioner
- Chief of Staff
- Media Relations Section
- Governmental Affairs
- Executive Protection Unit
- Legal Affairs Section
Neighborhood Patrol Bureau
- Chief of Patrol
- Inspector
- Night Commander
- Area I
- Central District
- Headquarters Security Unit
- Southeastern District
- Southern District
- Special Operations Section Unit
- SWAT Platoon A Unit
- SWAT Platoon B Unit
- K-9 Unit
- Traffic Unit
- Aviation Unit
- Stadiums & Honor Guard Unit
- Special Events & Auxiliary Unit
- Emergency Service & Marine Unit
- Central District
- Area II
- Eastern District
- Northeastern District
- Northern District
- Special Enforcement Section Vice Unit
- Area III
- Northwestern District
- Western District
- Southwestern District
- Adult & Juvenile Booking Court Liaison Unit
- Community Relations Division Unit
- Victim Services Unit
- Re-Entry Unit
- Neighborhood Services Liaison Unit
- Inspector
Investigations and Intelligence Bureau
- Chief of Detectives
- Homicide Unit
- District Detective Unit
- City Wide Robbery Unit
- Advance Technical Unit
- Witness Services Unit
- Special Investigations Section
- Arson Unit
- State's Attorney's Liaison
- Pawn Shop Unit
- Economic Crimes Unit
- Child Abuse
- Missing Persons
- Domestic Violence
- Sex Offense
- Sex Offender Registry Unit
- Operational Intelligence Section
- Task Force & HIDTA Teams
- Cyber & Electronic Crimes Unit
- Regional Auto Theft Task Force
- Warrant Apprehension Task Force
- Gun Offender Registry and Gun Trace Task Force
- Analytical Intelligence Section
- Watch Center
- Crime Analysis
- Citiwatch
- Comstat Unit
- Crime Laboratory Section
Professional Standards and Accountability Bureau
- Internal Affairs
- EEOC
- Evidence Control Unit
- Best Practices Unit
- Office of Internal Oversight
- General Accountability Office
- Overtime and Secondary Employment Unit
- UCR
- Written Directives Unit
- Education and Training Section
- Police Academy
- Professional Development
- In-Service Training
- Firearm Training Unit
- Armory Unit
- Administrative and Command Investigations Unit
Management Services Division
- Information Technology Section
- Human Resources Section
- Personnel Administration
- Recruitment Unit
- Background Investigation Unit
- Medical Unit
- Light Duty Unit
- Information Services Section
- Communications Unit
- Radio Shop
- Records Management Section
- Mail Room
- Hot Desk & CHASE
- Warrants & Identification
- Criminal History
- Communications Unit
- Fiscal Services
- Property Section
- Facilities Management
- Fleet Management
- Quartermaster Unit
- Finance Section
- Grants Unit
- Property Section
Police Commissioners
- Charles Howard, 1860-63
- Nicholas L.Wood, 1862-64
- Samuel Hindes, 1864-66
- James Young, 1866-67
- LeFevre Jarrett, 1867-70
- John W. Davis, 1870-71
- William H.B. Fusselbaugh, 1871-81
- George Colton, 1881-87
- Edson M. Schryver, 1887-97
- Daniel C. Heddinger, 1897-1900
- George M. Upsher, 1900-04
- George R. Willis, 1904-08
- Sherlock Swann, 1908-10
- John B.A. Wheltle, 1910-12
- Morris A. Soper, 1912-13
- James McEvoy, 1913-14
- Daniel C. Ammidon, 1914-16
- Lawrason Riggs, 1916-20
- Charles D. Gaither, 1920-37 (First Solo Commissioner. Prior to Charles Gaither we had a BOC Board of Commissioners, where we had three or more commissioners on a panel)
- William Lawson, 1937-38
- Robert F. Stanton, 1938-43
- Hamilton R. Atkinson, 1943-49
- Beverly Ober, 1949-55
- James M. Hepbron, 1955-61
- Bernard Schmidt, 1961-66
- Donald D. Pomerleau, 1966-81
- Frank J. Battaglia, 1981-84
- Bishop L. Robinson, 1984-87 (first African American commissioner)
- Edward J. Tilghman, 1987-89
- Edward V. Woods, 1989-93
- Thomas C. Frazier, 1994-99
- Ronald L. Daniel, 2000
- Edward T. Norris, 2000-02
- Kevin P. Clark, 2003-04
- Leonard D. Hamm, 2004-2007
- Frederick H. Bealefeld III, 2007-2012
- Anthony W. Batts, September 2012 - July, 2015
- Kevin Davis, Interim Commissioner, July, 2015 - October 2015
- Kevin Davis (Incumbent) October 2015 -
Equipment
Fleet
The Baltimore Police Department fleet consists of primarily the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and Chevrolet Caprice. Newer Versions of the Ford Taurus SHO and Chevrolet Caprice are being implemented. Some older Chevrolet Impalas may be seen as some are still in service. Motorcycles are Harley Davidson. Vehicles are white with blue and silver striping. A replica of an officer's badge is on the driver's and front passenger door. Unmarked Dodge Chargers, Chevrolet Cobalts and Impalas and assorted Kias are used by some command staff and specialized units. A new paint scheme with black as the primary color with blue and yellow stripes, is gradually being implemented into the fleet.
Weapons
The primary service weapon is the Glock 22 .40 caliber pistol, which replaced the Glock 17 9mm pistol. Officers are also issued a Monadnock expandable straight baton, Taser X26 and pepper spray. Remington 870 shotguns are available as well as a less lethal model of the 870. The Baltimore Police Department Quick Response Team (QRT), later renamed SWAT, carried a mix of weapons in its early years, to include Colt M16A1 assault rifles, Colt R0635 9 mm sub machine guns, and Ruger Mini 14 Ranch Rifles. In the early 2000s, SWAT standardized on a mix of HK UMP40 sub machine guns and HK G36K assault rifles. In 2014, SWAT standardized on the Colt LE6946CQB assault rifle.
The espantoon is a type of ornate wooden police baton that is distinct to the city of Baltimore and has been in use for generations. It is an ornate wood straight baton equipped with a swiveled leather strap with which it can be twirled. Between 1994 and 2000, the espantoon was banned in favor of the koga stick due to police commissioner Thomas Frazier's perception that its twirling intimidated the citizenry. In 2000, Edward T. Norris assumed the office of police commissioner and lifted the ban on the espantoon, although he did not mandate its use. The move was made as part of a general effort to boost morale and instill a more aggressive approach to policing in Baltimore. Norris stated, "When I found out what they meant to the rank and file, I said, 'Bring them back.' ... It is a tremendous part of the history of this Police Department." While the move did not make the espantoon an issued item by the department as it once was, it remains to this day an optional piece of carry equipment.
Uniform
- Standard uniform for the ranks of Sergeant and below is a navy blue shirt and pants, with a felt stripe going down the pant leg. Lieutenants and above wear a white shirt with navy blue pants. Police Officers, Detectives, and Sergeants wear collar devices denoting the district or specialized unit that they are assigned to on their collars. Lieutenants and above wear their rank insignias on their collars. Nametags are worn above the right breast pocket. Ties are worn with the long sleeve uniform shirt. Turtlenecks with BPD embroidered in gold letters at the collar may be worn with the long sleeve uniform in lieu of a tie. Short sleeve uniform shirts are authorized for warmer months.
- 8 point peaked cap worn by officers has a Maryland Coat of Arms cap device, which is silver for the ranks of Police Officer, Detective, and Sergeant and gold for the ranks of Lieutenant and above. Police Officers and Detectives have black chin straps, Sergeants have a blue braid for their chin strap, and Lieutenants and above wear a gold chin strap. Captains and above have gold fretting on the bill of the cover and the state shield on the coat of arms is colored matching the actual colors. Police Officers have their matching badge number on their cover below the coat of arms, while ranks of detective and above have their corresponding ranks below the coat of arms.
- Current badge was designed in 1976. The badge has an eagle perched on a shield, the eagle holding a ribbon in its beak with the officer's rank on the ribbon. The Maryland state shield with the Battle Monument in the middle of the badge. The word "Police" is below the Eagle on the top of the shield and "Baltimore Maryland" is at the bottom. Badge number is at the bottom of the shield. Badges are silver for the ranks of Police Officer, Detective, and Sergeant and gold for the ranks of Lieutenant and above.
- Officers wear shoulder sleeve patches on both arms. The patch has "Baltimore Police" at the top in gold letters on a blue background and the Maryland state shield with the Battle Monument at the center. The patch has a gold border. The current patch was designed in 1975. The previous patch was the same design, but had "Baltimore City Police" at the top.
Awards
Medal of Honor:
Awarded by the Police Commissioner to members who distinguish themselves conspicuously by gallantry and courage at the risk of their own lives, above and beyond the call of duty, in an extraordinary act of heroism and bravery without endangering or jeopardizing the lives of others and without detriment in any way to their sworn oath. A member must perform an act so outstanding that it clearly distinguishes superlative courage, beyond the call of duty, from lesser forms of bravery.
Silver Star:
Awarded by the Police Commissioner for an exceptional act or execution of duty performed in the presence of great danger and personal risk without endangering or jeopardizing the lives of others, and performed in such a manner as to clearly indicate that the sworn member performance of duty should have resulted in the prevention or solution of a crime, the arrest of those responsible, and thereby sets apart and distinguishes the member from other members. To merit this award the act must be heroic, but not to the degree justifying the Medal of Honor. This award shall not be granted for arrests resulting solely from information of an informant.
Bronze Star:
Awarded by the Police Commissioner to sworn members who distinguish themselves by displaying exceptionally meritorious service to the department and to the community. The sworn member must have displayed abilities and exercised judgment well above the expected standard and thereby contributed materially to the success of a major mission, investigation or endeavor. It may be awarded for an act involving personal danger under aggravated or hostile circumstances and for protecting or saving the life of another.
Life Saving Award:
Awarded by the Police Commissioner to sworn members who save the life of another person by decisive action. Situations include: CPR, Heimlich Maneuver; prompt application of first aid in potentially fatal situation; and any other act that saves a life and is not strictly a police related function.
Distinguished Service:
Awarded by the Police Commissioner to members who have distinguished themselves by exceptional meritorious service. The Distinguished Service Award may be awarded to sworn and civilian members who have displayed their abilities well above the expected standards reflecting technical or administrative achievement or exceptional leadership in achieving a specific goal, objective or innovation. It distinguishes the individual's performance which is identifiable in achievement, effect or consequence.
Commendation:
To merit this award, the act of service must be accomplished or performed in a manner above that normally expected. It must be sufficient to distinguish the individual member above those of comparable position and responsibility and reflect a highly credible accomplishment. The award may be given for submitting an adopted suggestion which constitutes a definite contribution to the department, such as, invention or innovation resulting in an improved design, procedure, organization or relating to crime prevention or crime resistance. It may be awarded when members have displayed extraordinary intelligence, coverage and ability in effecting arrests, preventing a crime or solving a case.
Citation of Valor:
Sworn members who have sustained gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or serious injury under aggravated and hostile circumstances which could result in death or permanent disability while acting in their official capacity are eligible for this award. Authority for the issuance of the Citation of Valor lies solely with the Police Commissioner.
Unit Citation:
Any bureau, division, district, section, subdivision, unit or squad of members of the department is eligible for this award. The Unit Citation is awarded by the District Commander/Commanding Officer (or designee) to commend extraordinary law enforcement performance, attention to duty, contribution to this agency or to the general welfare of the citizens of the City of Baltimore. The criteria for the awarding of this recognition is the same as that for the "Commendation" when a group effort is recognized. The mutual and full participation of all unit members in the cited activity must be explained in detail in order to be considered for this unit distinction.
1968 Riot Ribbon:
Only sworn member of the department on duty in the City of Baltimore during the period of civil unrest, 5 April through 14 April 1968, were eligible for this award.
Eastern District Initiative:
For Officers involved in special initiative in the Eastern District.
Commissioner Award 2000:
In 2000 Commissioner Edward Norris presented this commendation to every officer that worked that year, as it was one of the first years that shootings and homicides had been significantly reduced from year prior.
Safe Driving Award:
Safe Driving Awards were presented to encourage safe driving. Initially they were given out every year that an officer went without having an accident. This practice ceased. Subsequently, Safe Driving Awards were revived in five year blocks instead of every year with awards being available in five year blocks, with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 year awards. The 10 year pin has a silver star in its center, followed by the 15 with 2 stars, 20 with 3 stars and 25 with 4 stars.
Line of duty deaths
According to the Officer Down Memorial Page, BPD has lost 136 officers in the line of duty since 1808, the most recent on January 9, 2015. This figure includes officers from other agencies that were absorbed by or became part of the modern BPD in addition to the modern department itself. This number also includes officers killed on and off duty by gunfire of other officers on duty.
Controversy
BPD has experienced negative publicity in recent years due to several high-profile corruption and brutality allegations, including the 2005 arrest of Officers William A. King and Antonio L. Murray by the FBI for federal drug conspiracy charges.
Criticism
During the past generation, the Baltimore Police Department has faced criticism from local media, elected officials, and citizen advocacy groups. The criticism has pertained to the high crime rate in the city of Baltimore, which in some years has been ranked among the highest in the nation.
Arrests for minor offenses
In the mid-2000s, Maryland State Delegate, the Honorable Jill P. Carter, daughter of the late civil rights champion, Walter P. Carter, exposed numerous cases of the Baltimore City Police arresting people for seemingly minor offenses, detaining them at Central Booking for several hours. Many were released without charges. Some were reportedly detained at Central Booking for several days before seeing a court commissioner. All arrestees in Maryland are required to have an initial appearance before a court commissioner within 24 hours of their arrest.
It should also be noted that correctional officers at Central Booking were rumored to be on a work slowdown during this time. Corrections personnel are prohibited from striking.
The exposure of these cases led to judicial and legislative action. In 2005, the Maryland Court of Appeals ordered all arrestees not charged within 24 hours to be released.
On May 16, 2006, a Baltimore city police officer, Natalie Preston, arrested a Virginian couple for asking for directions to a major highway. The couple, released after seven hours in city jail, were not charged with any crime. They were initially taken into custody for trespassing on a public street. Their vehicle was impounded at the city lot, with windows down and doors unlocked, resulting in theft of several personal items.
In 2007, the state of Maryland passed a law requiring the automatic expungement of the record of one who is arrested, but then released without being charged, thereby eliminating the dilemma many such victims faced that would prevent them from passing a criminal background check if the record remained, but would not allow for a wrongful arrest lawsuit if the record were expunged.
On June 23, 2010, a $870,000 comprehensive settlement was reached which culminated more than a year of negotiations between the city and plaintiffs. The settlement provides for far-reaching reforms of the BPD's arrest and monitoring practices. The suit, which was filed in 2006, and amended in 2007, was brought on behalf of thirteen individual plaintiffs and the Maryland State Conference and Baltimore City Branch of the NAACP.
2016 Justice Department report
In 2016, the United States Justice Department issued a 163-page report which "condemned many long-standing discriminatory enforcement practices by Baltimore police that allowed for illegal searches, arrests and stops of African Americans for minor offenses." The highly critical report also chastised the department's "zero tolerance" and "broken windows" policing, and found that the department's practices "regularly discriminated against black residents in poor communities".
In April 2017, U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar approved a consent decree signed by the Baltimore Police Department and former acting U.S. Assistant Attorney General Vanita Gupta, rejecting an objection by new U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions.
2017 Racketeering
All seven members of the Gun Trace Task Force were accused in a federal racketeering indictment. The seven officers Daniel Hersl, Evodio Hendrix, Jemell Rayam, Marcus Taylor, Maurice Ward, Momodu Gando, and Wayne Jenkins were accused of shaking down citizens for money and pocketing it, lying to investigators, filing false court paperwork, and making fraudulent overtime claims. The amount stolen from citizens ranged from $200 to $200,000. The probe began when the Drug Enforcement Administration started looking into the officers while investigating a drug organization and later involved the FBI. The officers were summoned by internal affairs on the morning of Wednesday, March 1, 2017 and arrested.
Aerial surveillance
In 2016, continuous aerial surveillance was disclosed. The program had private funding from John D. Arnold, and was contracted to Persistent Surveillance Systems Inc.
Notable incidents
Police Commissioner James M. Hepbron
Police Commissioner James M. Hepbron was subject to a hearing led by Delegate Jerome Robinson February 19, 1959, specifications against the commissioner included flouting of rights, errors in judgment and brutal concepts of policing. In the 90-day public hearing and investigation, fourth district delegate Robinson stated that the commissioner "demonstrate[d] lack of a sense of propriety and in several respects a lack of comprehension on the part of the commissioner of the nature of his duties, the functions of the department, and the obligations to the citizenry" During the public hearing Hepbron incessantly left the hearing and/or refused to answer specifications against him. Delegate Jerome Robinson, the igniter of the hearing, had a long history of challenging wiretapping and search warrants as unconstitutional, citing they violate natural rights of the citizen. During the hearing, Delegate Robinson urged the police commissioner to resign and that his resignation would be in the interest of the public. Robinson's contempt for Hepbron was clear when he wrote, "it is obvious that he has outlived his position. His administration has produced continuing deterioration and the demoralization of the department". The charges against Hepbron include unlawful wiretapping, phony evidence planted for the purpose of obtaining convictions, perjury, mass arrests and "instances of unbelievable brutality" and illegal detention, all of which had occurred in alarming numbers. Charges included, 1. Flouting of the civil and constitutional rights of the citizens of Baltimore City. Illegal taps of private and public telephone lines. 2. Errors in judgment and administration. 3. Concepts of policing which, because of brutality and insentivity, are shocking to decent thinking people.
While Hepbron's charges were ones with over a dozen wiretaps and countless hours of footage, Hebron denied to address he was acting illegally and against the courts. Delegate Robinson also cited 36 cases where the cases were dropped and/or defendants were released from penal detention because police had framed defendants and the evidence was planted for conviction. Delegate Robinson called these offenses, "a creature of commissioner Hepbron". Delegate Robinson also cited the Green Spring Avenue assault by a police officer on a 15-year-old boy, as well as countless shootings of unarmed auto-thieves and illegal raids on properly licensed establishments as charges against Hepbron. At one point Robinson stated the head of the city police was "an SS officer in a Chesterfield coat who is impatient with the Bill of Rights and intolerant of the constitutional liberties and prerogatives of the people" Wiretapping was a crusade of Robinson's, believing it was against Federal law, he enacted this law to ensure state agents did not break federal law or the rights of individuals. He perceived Hepbron's actions as an affront to law and order.
Alvin J.T. Zumbrun, former managing director of the Criminal Justice Commission, issued a statement against Fourth District Democrat Robinson in the police commissioner's defense. He described the charges brought against Hepbron "the utterances of an angry madman possessed with the mania to have the police commissioner removed at all costs" In addition, Zumbrun cited multiple details and instances wherein he stated that Robinson had lied, citing instances as small as a phone call, office visit or passing informal greeting by Robinson to Zumbrun. While Zumbrun's evidence never addressed actual police violations of state law, Zumbrun continued to press for the expulsion of Robinson of the General Assembly of Maryland to Governor J. Millard Tawes
Ed Norris
Former Commissioner Ed Norris was indicted on three charges by US Attorney Thomas DiBiagio. Two of the counts charged Norris had made illegal personal expenditures from the Baltimore Police Department's supplemental account. The third count alleged that he had lied on a mortgage application, stating that approximately $9,000 he received from his father was not a gift--as was stated in the loan papers--but a loan. As part of a plea bargain in May 2004, Norris pleaded guilty to the first two counts and was sentenced to six months in federal prison, six months of home detention, and 500 hours of community service, which Judge Dick Bennett said must be served in Baltimore. The plea bargain avoided a possible 30-year sentence on the mortgage fraud charge.
Flex Squad scandal
A rash of high-profile corruption and brutality allegations have surfaced in late 2005 and early 2006, including the suspensions and arrests of Southwestern District flex squad officers for the alleged rape of a 22-year-old woman they had taken into custody for illegal possession of narcotics. All criminal charges against the accused officers have since been dropped.
Stories surfaced about flex squad officers planting evidence on citizens. Murder charges were dropped by the city when it was revealed that a gunman was dropped off in rival gang territory after a police interrogation in a squad car. The man was beaten badly and exacted his revenge the next day. The squad's role in the shooting prompted State's Attorney Patricia Jessamy to drop the charges.
Detectives Murray and King
William A. King and Antonio L. Murray are two former Baltimore Police Department officers sentenced to a total of 454 years in prison after an FBI investigation in 2005. The conviction of King and Murray came about due to the work of the Baltimore-based Stop Snitchin' campaign, in which the two officers were identified on video as being involved in drug dealing.
Gerard Mungo
On March 17, 2007, police arrested 7-year-old Gerard Mungo while sitting in front of his house on a dirtbike. Though he was seated on the dirtbike at the time of the arrest, officers reported they saw him riding it earlier. Baltimore City local law prohibits the operation of vehicles with an engine capacity of less than 50cc inside the city limits. However, police ordinances passed by city council, Article 19 Section 40-6 states that any and all unregistered motor bikes, dirt bikes, scooters, or anything similar in nature is illegal in Baltimore City. Officers stated they were "following procedure" in making a physical arrest. The boy's mother soon was arrested for disorderly conduct a few weeks later in an unrelated incident when she tried to bar plain clothes officers from entering her sister's apartment in pursuit of a felony drug suspect.
Officer John Torres
In 2008 Baltimore police officer John Torres shot and killed another officer, Norman Stamp. In 2014 Torres was arrested for attempted murder. The Baltimore Police Department has been accused of a coverup.
Salvatore Rivieri (deuce)
Salvatore Rivieri was a Baltimore, Maryland, police officer who came to national attention in February 2008 following the release of two videos depicting separate incidents of him verbally assaulting and manhandling citizens.
The first video was posted to YouTube on February 9, 2008 and showed Officer Rivieri berating and manhandling a 14-year-old-boy, Eric Bush, who had been skateboarding in a tourist area of Inner Harbor where skateboarding is not permitted. In the video, Rivieri threatened to "smack [Bush] upside the head" if he continued to "back-talk." Rivieri also said that someone would kill Bush if he did not learn "the meaning of respect." Rivieri seemed particularly irate by the boy addressing him as "dude". "I am not a dude, a dude is someone who works on a ranch!" Rivieri shouts on the tape. After the video surfaced, Rivieri was suspended with pay while the Baltimore Police Department conducted an investigation. The story made national headlines and prompted another man to come forward with footage of an earlier confrontation with the officer.
On February 15, 2008, WMAR-TV (an ABC News affiliate in Baltimore) aired a second video involving Officer Rivieri, in which he confronted an artist from Washington, DC. The artist, Billy Friebele, was making a film that depicted the reactions of passersby to a small box he was moving around a sidewalk with a remote controlled car. The footage shows Rivieri kicking the box and then the small car across the pavement before confronting Friebele.
In the wake of the incidents in April 2008, the Baltimore Police Department made wholesale changes to the leadership of the unit patrolling the city's Inner Harbor. A new lieutenant and sergeant took command of the 12 officers in charge of patrolling the area from the edge of Federal Hill to the Fallsway, near Pier 5. Sterling Clifford, a spokesman for the police department, said: "Given the extreme nature of that incident, we thought it was important for the officers to brush up on their interpersonal skills."
The mother of the boy filed a suit against Rivieri in April 2008, two months after the video was widely circulated, seeking $6 million for assault, battery and violation of rights. The city sought to have the suit dismissed, because, among other things, such claims must be filed within 180 days of the incident; but the family's attorney argued that the statute of limitations did not apply to a minor. On December 11, 2008, Baltimore Circuit Judge Marcus Z. Shar ruled that the lawsuit could proceed, despite being filed late.
On September 14, 2009, Rivieri's motion for summary judgment was granted by Circuit Judge Evelyn Cannon, dismissing the case. William P. Blackford, the attorney for the Bush family, said of the judgment: "The family is incredibly disappointed, and feels wronged...they've had their day in court taken away."
In early 2009, the Baltimore Police Department cited death threats Rivieri received after the YouTube video surfaced as a reason for implementing a new policy of not disclosing the names of police officers who shoot or kill citizens.
Rivieri was eventually cleared by an internal police panel of using excessive force and discourtesies, but convicted of administrative charges of failing to write a report. The panel recommended that he be suspended five days, but Police Commissioner Frederick H. Bealefeld III disagreed and fired him.
On February 28, 2011, the firing of Rivieri was upheld.
Anthony Fata
In January 2011, Detective Anthony Fata reported he had been shot in a parking structure near police headquarters. In August 2013, he was convicted on various charges on benefits fraud having shot himself.
Daniel G. Redd
On July 19, 2011, Officer Daniel G. Redd was arrested for drug trafficking. While on trial, Redd has admitted to being involved in the process to distribute heroin. Redd is believed to be the first Baltimore Police officer charged with drug trafficking since William King and Antonio Murray were charged with shaking down drug suspects and then selling the drugs themselves. Both those officers received life in federal prison. Redd was sentenced to twenty years in custody in September 2012.
Majestic towing scandal
In May, 2012, Police Commissioner Frederick Bealefeld III directed a team that included agents from the FBI that used wiretaps and other techniques to break up a major corruption scandal centered on the Majestic Auto Body shop. The shop paid Baltimore police officers a fee when they called Majestic tow trucks to the scene of an accident. In all, 17 officers pleaded guilty to charges. At least another 37 officers were involved.
Lamin Manneh
In August 2013, Officer Lamin Manneh was indicted on charges he was acting as a pimp for his own wife and another woman. In November 2014, he was convicted of violation of the Mann Act.
James Walton Smith
In the same month Officer James Walton Smith killed himself while in custody while awaiting trial for the murder of his girlfriend.
Kendell Richburg
In October 2013, Officer Kendell Richburg was sentenced eight years in prison on a number of charges. He pleaded guilty of conspiring with a local drug dealer. The officer would protect the dealer from arrest while he in turn provided information on his customers allowing Richburg to easily arrest them.
Christopher Robinson
In October 2013, officer Christopher Robinson shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and her new partner before killing himself.
Ashley Roane
In November 2013, Officer Ashley Roane pleaded guilty to charges related to a scheme to sell Social Security numbers. She admitted to having used official computers to access personal information which she then passed on to others who used the information to defraud the government. She also admitted to protecting persons she thought were transporting large amounts of heroin in the city. In February 2014, she was sentenced to five years in prison.
Arrest for video recording
In March 2014, the city of Baltimore agreed to pay $250,000 to a man who was arrested at the Preakness Stakes in 2010 for recording police officers with his mobile phone. The city admitted no misconduct and said it was unable to identify the officers who arrested Christopher Sharp, but agreed to pay to settle the matter.
Frederick Allen
In April 2014, Officer Frederick Allen pleaded guilty to two counts of a sexual abuse of a minor. The abuse started in 2005 when the girl was fifteen years old and working with the Police Athletic League. Allen was fired from the department.
Alec Eugene Taylor
In August 2014, Officer Alec Eugene Taylor pleaded guilty to felony animal cruelty. He killed his girlfriend's puppy.
Freddie Gray
On April 12, 2015, 25-year-old African American Freddie Gray was taken into custody by the Baltimore Police Department for the alleged possession of a switchblade, later found by subsequent investigations to be a legal folding knife, and then again found to be an illegal spring-assisted knife. Whilst being transported, Gray had experienced what was described by officers as a "medical emergency"; within an hour of his arrest, Gray had fallen into a coma and had been taken to a trauma center, where it was determined that he had suffered from a spinal injury. According to his family, Gray's spine was "80% severed" at his neck, he had three fractured vertebrae, and his larynx was injured. At autopsy, however, the spinal cord was said to be intact. A contusion and secondary, time-related changes of edema and necrosis were seen.<"Freddie Gray autopsy: excerpt from the report" <Baltimore Sun June 24, 2015>. The events that led to the injuries are unclear; Officer Garrett Miller claimed that Gray was arrested "without force or incident." Dissenting medical professionals place the timing of the injury to the time of arrest <"Prosecutors in Gray Case say Police Undermined Them", New York Times Friday, July 29, 2016>.
Despite extensive surgery in an attempt to save his life, Gray died on April 19, 2015. Pending an investigation, six Baltimore police officers were temporarily suspended with pay. Police Commissioner Anthony Batts reported that the officers "failed to get [Gray] medical attention in a timely manner multiple times", and did not buckle him in the van while he was being transported to the police station.
The death of Gray resulted in the 2015 Baltimore riots; a major protest event in downtown Baltimore on April 25, 2015 turned violent, resulting in 34 arrests and the injuries of 15 police officers. Following Gray's funeral on April 27, the unrest intensified with the looting and burning of local businesses and a CVS pharmaceutical store, culminating with the deployment of the Maryland National Guard to Baltimore and declaration of a state of emergency by Governor Larry Hogan.
On May 1, the six officers were charged in Gray's death. One officer was charged with second degree murder, which carries a penalty of up to 30 years imprisonment, while the five others were charged with crimes ranging from involuntary manslaughter to illegal arrest. One of the officers trials ended in mistrial. Three of the officers were found not guilty at trial and the remaining charges against the officers were dropped on July 27, 2016.
Michael Johansen
Four Baltimore Police officers responded to a burglary call on December 28, 2014, where Michael Johansen had broke into a store and was attempting to steal cigarettes. When Johansen was asked to show his hands, he allegedly put his hands towards his lower waist area, and two officers opened fire, striking him multiple times. Johansen collapsed to the floor, and then asked officers if he was shot with beanbag rounds. Officer Wesley Cagle responded with "No, a .40-caliber, you piece of shit" and then shot Johansen in the groin at close range. Johansen survived. On August 19, 2015, the first two officers who shot Johansen were justified by state prosecutors in the shooting, and Cagle was charged with attempted murder and assault. Cagle was released on $1 million bail. Officer Wesley Cagle was found guilty of first-degree assault and sentenced to 12 years in prison. He was subsequently fired from the Baltimore Police Department.
In popular culture
- The BPD was portrayed in the NBC television series Homicide: Life on the Street produced by David Simon, (former Baltimore Sun reporter). The show ran for seven seasons and spawned a TV movie titled Homicide: The Movie. The series was based on the Simon book Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, expanded from his crime news stories in the Baltimore Sun. At times, there has also been crossover in stories and characters from Law & Order and Homicide: Life on the Street.
- The HBO original series The Wire (also produced and created by David Simon) features the department extensively, portraying it as a dysfunctional organization whose effectiveness is often impaired by personal vendettas and office politics.
- Of Dolls and Murder, a documentary film, follows members of the Baltimore Police's Homicide Unit as they try and solve cold cases. It also looks at the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death, a series of tiny crime scene dioramas that the Baltimore police famously use for training in forensics. These training dioramas provided inspiration for The Miniature Killer, a recurring character in the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.
- Anthony DiNozzo, one of the main cast of NCIS is given background story as a former officer of Baltimore Police Department. This background is elaborated in 22nd episode of Season 8, Baltimore,when his former partner was found murdered with signatures resembling those of Port-to-Port Killer.
- BPD has appeared in the following films: Enemy of the State, The Sum of All Fears, Ladder 49, and 12 Monkeys
Controversy
The portrayals of Baltimore City in The Wire and Homicide: Life on the Street have received negative criticism from several notable Baltimore politicians, such as former mayor and former Maryland governor Martin O'Malley and former mayor Sheila Dixon. Both politicians have argued that the shows glorify the levels of violence within the city and give Baltimore a negative image. In contrast, the police department has been relatively supportive of the shows, stating that the crime within the city has been accurately portrayed. Several current and former members of the police force have served as technical advisors for the Baltimore-based shows and some, such as former Major Gary D'Addario, have allegedly been either dismissed or forced to retire from the department for assisting the shows' producers and directors.
See also
- Crime in Baltimore
- List of law enforcement agencies in Maryland
- A. F. James MacArthur
References
External links
- Baltimore City Police website
- Baltimore City Police history
- Baltimore City Police Frequencies
- Baltimore City Police History Originally Built by W. H. Hackley a 90-page website, in 2012 Bill left the site to Retired Detective Kenneth Driscoll, Kenny rebuilt the page twice, the first time taking it to around 200 pages, now more than 575 pages - The artwork on this page used to show all the awards of the Baltimore Police Department were drawn by Detective Driscoll for the History page, as was the logo for the departments Motto Ever ready Ever faithful Ever on the Watch
- Organizational chart
- CitiStat website
- William and King article from "The Baltimore Sun"
- Local Police Departments 2000 survey from the U.S. Department of Justice
- Top 50 U.S. cities by population from Infoplease.com
- List of Baltimore City Police Officers killed in the line of duty from the Officer Down Memorial Page.
- FOP Lodge 3 site
- Folsom, de Francias. "Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force from the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee" (1888). Provides a detailed (532 pages + roster of officers) contemporary account of the police force in nineteenth-century Baltimore.
- Melton, Tracy Matthew. "Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860" (2005). Describes how the response to deadly gang violence led to the development of a professional police force in Baltimore during the election violence and riots in the 1850s under the "Know Nothings" extremist political party, which later resulted in the City itself and the then Mayor Thomas Swann reorganizing and creating the modern Department in 1853/1857, and then later the General Assembly of Maryland (state legislature) putting the Baltimore City Board of Police Commissioners and Marshal of Police (Chief, later Police Commissioner) under appointive authority of the Governor of Maryland which lasted into the 1990s.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments