The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, "POLRI") is the national police force of Indonesia. It was formerly a part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ("ABRI"). The police were formally separated from the military ("TNI") in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000. The organization is now independent and is under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia, while the Armed Forces is under the Ministry of Defense. The Indonesian National Police is responsible for law enforcement and policing duties all over Indonesia. The organization is widely known for its corruption, violence and incompetence.
The Indonesian National Police is also taking part in international UN missions. The Indonesian Police Force has been providing security and protection to Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) for nearly one and half year while Indonesia's Formed Police Units (FPUs) have been a very capable and integral part of UNAMID's mandated-task of protecting people of Darfur.
The strength of the Indonesian National Police ("POLRI") stood at approximately up-to 387,470 in 2011 and the number is increasing every year. It also includes up-to 12,000 water police ("Polair") personnel and an estimated 40,000 People's Security ("KAMRA") trainees who serve as a police auxiliary and report for three weeks of basic training each year.
The headquarters, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta near the national police museum.
Video Indonesian National Police
History
When large parts of Indonesia was under Dutch colonial occupation until the 1940s, police duties were performed by either military establishments or colonial police known as the veldpolitie or the field police. Japanese occupation during WW II brought changes when the Japanese formed various armed organisations to support their war. This had led to the distribution of weapons to military trained youths, which were largely confiscated from the Dutch armoury.
After the Japanese occupation, the national police became an armed organisation. The Indonesian police was established on 19 August 1945 (under the title of the National Police Agency (Badan Kepolisian Negara)) and its units fought in the Indonesian National Revolution against the invading Dutch forces. The police also participated in suppressing the 1948 communist revolt in Madiun. In 1962, the police was brought under the control of the Commander of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense, becoming the Indonesian Police Forces (Angkatan Kepolisian Negara R.I.). Following the proclamation of independence, the police played a vital role when they actively supported the people's movement to dismantle the Japanese army, and to strengthen the defence of the newly created Republic of Indonesia. The police were not combatants who were required to surrender their weapons to the Allied Forces. During the revolution of independence, the police gradually formed into what is now known as Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (Polri) or the Indonesian National Police. In 2000, the police force officially regained its independence and now is separate from the military.
June 1, Police Day (Hari Bhayangkara), honors the anniversary of the 1946 Cabinet resolution placing the INP as a national agency subordinated directly to the government of the Republic and thus responsible to the President (formerly the Prime Minister).
Maps Indonesian National Police
Duties and tasks
The key tasks of the Indonesian National Police are to:
- maintain security and public order;
- enforce the law, and
- provide protection, and service to the community.
In carrying out these basic tasks, Police are to:
- perform control, guard, escort and patrol of the community and government activities as needed;
- supplying all activities to ensure the safety and smoothness of traffic on the road;
- to develop community awareness;
- as well as in the development of national law;
- implement order and ensure public safety;
- implement co-ordination, supervision, and technical guidance to the investigators, civil servants/authorities, and the forms of private security;
- implement the investigation against all criminal acts in accordance with the criminal procedure law and other legislation;
- implement identification such as police medical operations, psychology, and police forensic laboratory for the interests of the police task;
- Protect soul safety, property, society, and the environment from disturbances and/or disaster, including providing aid and relief to uphold human rights;
- Serving interests of citizens for a while before it is handled by the agency and/or authorities;
- Give services to the public in accordance with the interests of the police task environment;
- to implement other duties in accordance with the legislation, which in practice regulated by Government Regulation;
- Receive reports and/or complaints;
- crowd and public control;
- help resolve community disputes that may interfere with the public order;
- supervising the flow that can lead to the dismemberment or threaten the unity of the nation;
- publicising police regulations within the scope of police administrative authority;
- implementing special examination as part of the police identification;
- respond first and rapid action to a scene;
- Take the identity, fingerprints and photograph of a person for identification purposes;
- looking for information and evidence;
- organising National Crime Information Center;
- issuing license and / or certificate that is required to service the community;
- Give security assistance in the trial and execution of court decisions, the activities of other agencies, as well as community activities; and
- to Receive, secure, and keep founded lost items for a while until further identification
Organization
The organization of the National Police of Indonesia (POLRI) is arranged in stages from the central level to the regional level. The Headquarters of the Indonesian National Police is called "Mabes Polri". The territorial Police organization consists of:
- POLDA: regional Police of the Republic of Indonesia, covering a provincial level,
- POLRES: Departmental (Resort) Police of the Republic of Indonesia (Polres) covering a regency / city level,
- POLRESTABES: capital/metropolitan city police
- POLRESTA: city police
- POLRES KABUPATEN: regency police
- POLSEK: sectoral Police of the Republic of Indonesia (Polsek) for the sub-district (Kecamatan) level.
- POLSUBSEK: police for a smaller region in the sub-district (below Polsek)
Headquarters
Chief element
The head of the National Police Headquarters is the Chief of the Indonesian National Police (Kapolri). The Chief of Police is appointed by and is responsible to the President of Indonesia.
Supervision and headship assistance elements
- Inspectorate of General Supervision (Itwasum), tasked to assist the Chief of Police in the implementation of supervision and general inspection and treasury within the National Police including non-structural organizational units under the control of chief of national police.
- Assistant Chief of Police for Operations (As Ops), tasked to assist the Chief of Police in the implementation of operational management functions within the Police environment including external coordination and cooperation as well as community empowerment and other Polri auxiliary elements.
- Assistant Chief of Police for Planning and Development (Asrena), tasked to assist the Chief of Police in the implementation of general planning and development functions, including the development of organizational and management systems and research and development within the Indonesian national police.
- Assistant Chief of Police for Human Resources (AS HR), tasked to assist the Chief of Police in the implementation of human resources management functions including efforts to maintain and improve the welfare of personnel within the Indonesian national police.
- Assistant Chief of Police Facilities and Infrastructure (Assarpras), tasked to assist the Chief of Police in the implementation of the function of facilities and infrastructure within the Police.
- Division of Profession and Internal Security (Div Propam), is the special staffing element in the field of professional accountability and internal security. This division acts as the internal affairs of the police organization in charge of enforcement of discipline and law and order of police personnel.
- Division of Law (Div Kum)
- Division of Public Relations (Div Humas)
- Division of International Relations (Div Hubinter), is an assistant element of international relations leadership that is under the Chief of Police. This section oversees the National Crime Bureau Interpol (NCB Interpol), to deal with international crimes.
- Police Information Technology Division (IT Pol Div), is a supporting element in the field of informatics which includes information technology and electronic communications.
- Chiefs Personal Staffs (Spripim)
- office of the Secretariat General (Kasetum).
- Headquarters Services (Kayanma).
- Expert staff of the Chief of Police (Staf Ahli Kapolri), tasked to provide a review of a particular problem to the national police chief according to their area of expertise
Main implementation element
- Bureau of Intelligence and Security (Baintelkam), is responsible for fostering and performing intelligence functions in the field of security for the purpose of performing the operational and management duties of the Police as well as to support the implementation of government duties in order to realize domestic security.
- The Criminal Investigation Agency (Bareskrim) is responsible for fostering and conducting criminal investigation and investigation functions, including the function of forensic laboratory identification, in the context of law enforcement.
- The Security Maintenance Agency (Baharkam), is responsible for fostering and conducting security guidance functions that include the maintenance and efforts to improve the security and public order conditions in order to achieve domestic security.
- The Mobile Brigade Corps (Korbrimob), is in charge of performing security counseling functions particularly with regard to the handling of high-intensity security disturbances, in the framework of enforcement of internal security.
- Traffic Corps (Korlantas), is responsible for fostering and organizing traffic functions that include community education, law enforcement, traffic assessment, registration and identification of drivers and motor vehicles, and conducting road patrols.
- The Police Operations Bureau, tasked with dispatching units of Brimob, Sabhara, Traffic police, Jihandak / Explosive management troops, if necessary and an intelligence team if there are demonstrations, court hearings, high-level meetings, holiday celebrations by community groups, or inauguration rites as can be ordered by the head of government, the head of state, the chairman of the MPR, or the chairman of the DPR by sending a letter of assignment to the local Police Operations Bureau, the local Police Operations Bureau and the local Police.
- The Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terror unit (Densus 88 AT), is responsible for carrying out intelligence, prevention, investigation, enforcement and operational support functions in the investigation and investigation of terrorism crimes.
Supporting elements
- Police Education Institutes Command (Lemdikpol), in charge of planning, developing, and organizing the function of education and training in formation and development of and to the scope of the Indonesian National Police for ensuring education of recruits or personnel which are specializing in particular policing units which includes the maintaining of professionalism, managerial, academic, and vocational education. The Police Education Institute oversees:
- Police Staff College (Sespimpol), is the education implementing element and special staff related to the development of Police management. It consists of Sespinma (formerly Selapa), Sespimmen (formerly Sespim) and Sespimti (formerly Sespati).
- Police Academy (Akpol), is the element of officer rank formation of Police recruits.
- The School of Police Sciences and Technology (STIK), is a special education and staffing element concerned with higher education and the development of police science and technology.
- Police Officers Candidate School (Setukpa), is the element of education for the formation of Police Officers to become officer rank originating from enlisted or constable ranks of policemen and policewomen.
- Police Bacherloriat Inspector School (SIPSS), is the element of education for the establishment of Police Officer Candidates for graduates of bachelor degree.
- Police Educational Centre consists of:
- Special Education and Training of Crime and Violence (Diklatsus Jatanras)
- Intelligence Education and Training Center (Pusdikintel)
- Criminal Investigation Education and Training Center (Pusdikreskrim)
- Traffic Education and Training Center (Pusdiklantas)
- Public Security Education and Training Center (Pusdikgasum)
- Mobile Brigade Education and Training Center (Pusdikbrimob)
- Water Police Education and Training Center (Pusdikpolair)
- Administration Education and Training Center (Pusdikmin)
- Police Language College (Sebasa)
- Women's Police School (Sepolwan)
- Community Developing Education and Training Center (Pusdikbinmas)
- The Center for Logistics and Police Equipment and Armaments
- Medicial and Health Department (Pusdokkes Polri), including the National Police Hospital (Rumkit Puspol)
- Finance Office (Puskeu Polri)
- Center for Police Research and Development (Puslitbang Polri)
- Center for Historical and Cultural Affairs (Pusjarah Polri)
Regional Police
- The Regional Police of the Republic of Indonesia (Polda) is the main implementing unit of territoriality under the Chief of Police. Polda is responsible for carrying out national police duties at province level. A "Polda" is headed by a Regional Chief of Police (Kapolda), which is responsible to the Chief of national Police (Kapolri) and holds the rank of Inspector General. Kapolda is assisted by Deputy Chief of Police (Wakapolda).
- The Regional Police (Polda) is responsible for the Departmental Police of the Republic of Indonesia (Polres) which covers a city or district/municipal level in that province. For big cities, Departamental Police (Polres) forces are called Metropolitan Police (Polrestabes), and for the urban type it is named only City Police (Polresta). The Polres has a complete police task force, like a Polda, and is led by a Police Chief Commissioner (Kombes) (for city police) or Police Superintendent (AKBP) for non-city police.
- Sectoral Police (Polsek) are led by a Police Superindent (AKBP) or Police Commissioner (Kompol) (for urban divisions), while in other Poldas, Polseks are led by officers of Police chief inspector (AKP) rank for Rural areas. In some areas which are remote like Papua, a Polsek may be led by a Police Inspector 2nd Class (Ipda).
Each Regional Police headquarters (Polda) which covers a province oversees the following directorates:
- Directorate of Crime Investigation
- Sub-directorate of Criminal Affairs
- Sub-Directorate for Crimes of Violence (Jatanras)
- Sub-directorate for Teens, Children and Women affairs
- Inafis Unit (Indonesia Automatic Finger Print Identification System) / Identification of TKP (Crime Scene)
- Directorate of Special Crime Investigation
- Sub-Directorate of Corruption
- Sub-directorate of Land and building Property (Hardabangtah)
- Sub-directorate of Cyber Crime
- Directorate of Drug Investigation
- Narcotics Subdivision
- Psychotropic subdivision
- Directorate of Intelligence and Security
- Directorate of Traffic Security
- Sub Directorate of Education and Conjecture (Dikyasa)
- Sub Directorate of Registration and Identification (Regident)
- Sub Directorate of Traffic Law Enforcement (Gakkum)
- Sub Directorate of Security and Safety (Kamsel)
- Sub Directorate of Road Escort and Patrol (Patwal)
- Sub Directorate of Highway Patrol (PJR)
- Animal Unit (Unit Satwa) - (mounted police and K9 dogs)
- Directorate of Community Guidance and Development (Bimmas, formerly Bina Mitra)
- Directorate of Sabhara - ("Alert Unit")
- Directorate of Vital Objects Protection (Pamobvit)
- Directorate of Water police (Polair)
- Directorate of Prisoners and Evidence Gathering (Tahti)
- Operations Bureau
- Human Resources Bureau
- Bureau of Infrastructure Facilities (Sarpras, formerly Logistic)
- Finance Office
- Bureau of internal Profession and Security (Propam) - (Internal affairs unit)
- Law Bureau
- Public Relations and Press Service
- Regional Police Medical Bureau
Units
Special units
Public units
Units under the regional police headquarters (Polres):
Corruption
In the eyes of the people, the National Police force is "corrupt, brutal, and inept". Even becoming a police officer can be expensive, with applicants having to pay up to Rp90 million, according to Indonesia Police Watch head, Neta Saputra Pane.
In April 2009, angry that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) had tapped his phone while investigating a corruption case, Indonesian Police chief detective Susno Duadji compared the KPK to a gecko (Indonesian: cicak) fighting a crocodile (Indonesian: buaya) meaning the police. Susno's comment, as it turned out, quickly backfired because the image of a cicak standing up to a buaya (similar to David and Goliath imagery) immediately had wide appeal in Indonesia. A noisy popular movement in support of the cicak quickly emerged. Students staged pro-cicak demonstrations, many newspapers ran cartoons with cicaks lining up against an ugly buaya, and numerous TV talk shows took up the cicak versus buaya topic with enthusiasm. As a result, references to cicaks fighting a buaya have become a well-known part of the political imagery of Indonesia.
In June 2010, the Indonesian news magazine Tempo published a report on "fat bank accounts" held by senior police officers containing billions of rupiah. When the magazine went on sale in the evening groups of men said by witnesses to be police officers, went to newsstands with piles of cash to try to buy all the copies before they could be sold.
When KPK investigators tried to search Polri headquarters in 2010 as part of an investigation into Djoko Susilo, then the head of Korlantas (police corps of traffic), they were detained, and only released following the intervention of the president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Following a trial, Djoko was jailed for 18 years. Two years later, the KPK began investigating another senior police officer, Budi Gunawan, who was subsequently nominated for the post of National Police Chief. The KPK then named Budi a suspect and his nomination was withdrawn. However, he was later sworn in as deputy police chief. The police subsequently took revenge by charging three KPK commissioners with criminal offenses.
In Bali, corrupt officers routinely extort bribes from tourists. In 2013 a YouTube appeared of a policemen demanding Rp200,000, which he then used to buy beer, which he drank with the tourist.
In 2014,Budi Gunawan,the National police chief assistant candidate was being investigated by the national corruption commission for about two days after they found out that his income shows something strange. Media believe that he was protected by some big people and many people disagree when he was chosen as the national police chief assistant.Until now,many books and murals described Budi Gunawan and the police for their corruption.
Violence and human rights abuses
Amnesty International has accused Polri of "widespread" torture and other abuses of arrested individuals. According to the organization, "Police in Indonesia shoot, beat and even kill people without fear of prosecution, leaving their victims with little hope of justice".
In 2014 the Human Rights Watch reported that a physical virginity test is routinely performed on female applicants to the police force. Human Rights Watch decried the practice as unscientific and degrading.
An official admission of violence by police officers came in 2016 when Chief Gen. Badrodin Haiti admitted that officers of the Detachment 88 anti-terror unit were responsible for the death in custody of terrorist suspect Siyono, who died of heart failure after being kicked hard enough in the chest to fracture his ribs. The Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights stated in March 2016 that at least 121 terror suspects had died in custody since 2007
Rank structure
In the early years, the Indonesian Police used European police style ranks like "inspector" and "commissioner". When the police were amalgamated with the military structure during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military style such as "Captain", "Major" and "Colonel". In the year 2000, when the Indonesian Police conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces in 2000, they used British style police ranks like "Inspector" and "Superintendent". Now, The Indonesian Police have returned to Dutch style ranks like "Brigadier" and "Agents" just like in the early years with some Indonesianized elements within the ranking system.
Firearms
The standard issue sidearm to all Indonesian National Police officers is the Taurus Model 82 revolver in. 38 Special. While police personnel attached to special units such as Detachment 88, Gegana and BRIMOB are issued with the Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol.
Heavy arms are always available to Indonesian police personnel, such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun, Remington 870 shotgun, Steyr AUG assault rifle, M4 carbine, M1 Carbine. and other weapons. The standard rifle for the Indonesian National Police are the Pindad SS1 and the M16 rifle. Units are also issued the "Sabhara"/Police V1-V2 Pindad SS1 special law enforcement assault rifle.
Police fleets
The police vehicles that are usually operated by the Indonesian Police ("Polri") for patrol and law enforcement activities are mainly Ford Focus sedans, Mitsubishi Lancers, Hyundai Elantras (for some police regions), Mitsubishi Stradas, Isuzu D-Maxs, and Ford Rangers. Such vehicles are usually operated by the "Sabhara" police unit and other units which the vehicles are mainly colored dark-grey. In some areas, usually in rural places, the vehicles are not up-to date compared to the ones in the major urban areas in the country, so some police vehicles still use older versions such as the Toyota Kijang and Mitsubishi Freecas.
Special Investigation units usually operate in black Toyota Avanzas and some are unmarked vehicles. Police laboratory and forensics ("Puslabfor") units are issued dark-grey police Suzuki APV vehicles.
The Traffic Police Corps ("Korlantas") usually uses vehicles such as the Mazda 6, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, Toyota Vios, Ford Focus sedans, Hyundai Elantra and Ford Rangers colored white and blue. Some vehicles for traffic patrol are also used such as the Toyota Rush and Daihatsu Terios. Sedan types are usually used for highway and road patrolling and escort. Double-Cab types are usually used for Traffic incidents and traffic management law enforcement activities.
Police vehicles colored orange usually Ford Focus and Mitsubishi Lancer sedans and white-orange Chevrolet Captivas are operated by the Vital Object Protection unit ("Pam Obvit") and usually parked outside and operated for international embassies, airports, and other special specified locations. It is also used by the Tourist police for patrol.
For the special police, counter-terrorism and anti-riot units such as the Mobile Brigade or "Brimob", Detachment 88 and "Gegana" units usually use special costumed vehicles for special operations such as the Pindad Komodo, Barracuda APC, and modified armored Mitsubishi Stradas, 2002 Nissan Terrano Spirits' and other special double-cabin and SUV vehicle types. Vehicles are colored dark-grey with the bumper colored orange identifying vehicles of the special police units. Some special operational "Gegana" and "Densus 88" vehicles are colored black also with orange bumpers.
Other customized vehicles used for mobilization of police personnel are usually modified Isuzu Elfs and Toyota Dynas with horizontal side sitting facilities inside of the trunk covered by dark colored canvas for canopy. Costumed patrol pick-ups with mounted sitting facilities on the trunk covered with canopy are also operated by the police to carry police personnel during patrol, the pick-ups are usually Isuzu Panther pick-ups and usually operate in rural areas.
For high-ranking officers (usually generals), issued cars are usually grey (some black) full to compact sedans and Mid to Full-sized SUVs. Such cars are mainly chauffeured Toyota Camrys, Hyundai Sonatas, Toyota Land Cruisers, and Toyota Prados. Some use black Toyota Innovas.
Uniform
The National Police Force of Indonesia had changes for uniform colours about 3 times, the periods are:
- Since first formed until mid 70s, the uniform colour was khaki like the current Indian Police uniform.
- Since the late 70s until mid 90s, the uniform colour was light brown and brown.
- Since mid 90s until now the colour are brownish grey and dark brown.
In the Indonesian Armed Forces and Police, there are three types of uniform worn by service personnel which are Ceremonial uniform (PDU), service uniform (PDH), and field uniform (PDL).
Headgears and beret colors:
- Red - Crime Investigation Unit ("Reserse") - don't wear berets during activity
- Dark Blue beret - Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob)
- Blackish Dark Brown beret - "Sabhara"
- Light Blue beret - Internal Affairs Division (Police Provosts)
- Peaked cap with White top - Traffic Policemen
Personnel
List of Chiefs of Police (Kapolri)
- General R Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo (29 Sep 1945 - 14 December 1959)
- General Soekarno Djojonegoro (15 December 1959 - 29 December 1963)
- General Soetjipto Danoekoesoemo (30 December 1963 - 8 May 1965)
- General Soetjipto Joedodihardjo (9 May 1965 - 8 May 1968)
- General Hoegeng Iman Santoso (9 May 1968 - 2 October 1971)
- General Moch. Hasan (3 October 1971 - 1974)
- General Widodo Budidharmo (1974 - 25 September 1978)
- General Awaluddin Djamin (26 September 1978 - 1982)
- General Anton Soedjarwo (1982 - 1986)
- General Mochammad Sanoesi (1986 - 19 February 1991)
- General Kunarto (20 February 1991 - April 1993)
- General Banurusman Astrosemitro (April 1993 - March 1996)
- General Dibyo Widodo (March 1996 - 28 June 1998)
- General Roesmanhadi (29 June 1998 - 3 January 2000)
- General Roesdihardjo (4 January 2000 - 22 September 2000)
- General Suroyo Bimantoro (23 September 2000 - 28 November 2001)
- General Da'i Bachtiar (29 November 2001 - 7 July 2005)
- General Sutanto (8 July 2005 - 30 September 2008)
- General Bambang Hendarso Danuri (30 September 2008 - October 2010)
- General Timur Pradopo (October 2010 - 25 October 2013)
- General Sutarman (25 October 2013 - 16 January 2015)
- General Badrodin Haiti (17 April 2015 - 13 July 2016)
- General Tito Karnavian (13 July 2016 -- present)
Police operational regions
Police vehicles
See also
- Indonesian Military (TNI)
- Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob)
- Detachment 88 (Densus 88) AT
- Gegana
- Municipal Police (Indonesia)
- Indonesian Military Police Corps
References
- This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
Further reading
- Amnesty International. (2009) "Indonesia: Unfinished Business: Police Accountability in Indonesia" (24 June 2009)
- International Crisis Group. (2001) Indonesia : National Police reform. Jakarta / Brussels : International Crisis Group. ICG Asia report; no.13
- David Jansen. (2008) "Relations among security and law enforcement institutions in Indonesia", Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.30, No.3, 429-54
- "Networked Security in Indonesia: The Case of the Police in Yogyakarta." Doctoral Dissertation, Australian National University (April 2010).
External links
- Official website
- Community of Indonesian National Police
- Outside Indonesia view
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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